A novel cyclopentyl methyl ether electrolyte solvent with a unique solvation structure for subzero (-40 °C) lithium-ion batteries.

1 M LiFSI in cyclopentyl methyl ether is shown as a novel electrolyte with a unique solvation structure to form a thin robust multilayer solid electrolyte interface with an inorganic LiF-rich inner layer. Aggregates and contact ion pairs are actively formed in the solvation shell and reduced on the graphite anode during lithiation. This EC-free electrolyte provides 86.9% initial efficiency, and 355 mA h g-1 over 350 cycles with an excellent capacity retention of 84% at a 1C rate. An excellent low-temperature performance of 370, 337, and 330 mA h g-1 at 0, -10, and -20 °C, respectively, at a 0.1C rate is recorded. Furthermore, at -40 °C, the graphite half-cell has a capacity of 274 mA h g-1 without electrolyte freezing.

Comparison of Nafcillin and Cefazolin for the Treatment of Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia.

BACKGROUND: Traditionally, the antibiotic of choice for Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus related blood stream infections (MSSA-BSI) are the antistaphylococcal penicillins. Cefazolin is considered an alternative agent, with recent evidence showing similar clinical efficacy. This study further evaluates the utility of nafcillin versus cefazolin in MSSA bacteremia including high disease burden sources of infection and its impact on treatment failure. METHODS: This retrospective study included patients admitted to Methodist LeBonheur Healthcare adult hospitals from 2011 to 2016. Patients were included if they received at least 3 days of either nafcillin or cefazolin and had a positive blood culture for MSSA. The primary objective was to evaluate rates of treatment failure between groups. Secondary outcomes included clinical and microbiological cure, MSSA-BSI associated readmissions, identification of risk factors for treatment failure including disease burden, in-hospital and 90 day mortality. RESULTS: A total of 277 patients were included (nafcillin n = 126; cefazolin n = 151). Treatment failure and microbiologic cure were similar between nafcillin and cefazolin (20.6% vs. 16.6%; 91.2% vs. 87.2%, respectively). Clinical cure was significantly higher in the cefazolin treatment arm (93.4 vs. 83.3%; P = 0.012). However, the total number of patients with high disease burden was greater in the nafcillin group (54.8% vs. 39.1%; P = 0.011). Higher rates of in-hospital mortality were observed in the nafcillin group (15.1% vs. 6%; P = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS: Our study observed significantly higher rates of clinical cure and reduced in-hospital mortality in patients who received cefazolin. Further analysis is warranted to evaluate the effectiveness of these agents and identifying predictors of treatment failure.

Quantification of nitrate fate in a karst conduit using stable isotopes and numerical modeling.

Nitrate (NO3⁻) fate estimates in turbulent karst pathways are lacking due, in part, to the difficulty of accessing remote subsurface environments. To address this knowledge and methodological gap, we collected NO3⁻, δ15NNO3, and δ18ONO3 data for 65 consecutive days, during a low-flow period, from within a phreatic conduit and its terminal end-point, a spring used for drinking water. To simulate nitrogen (N) fate within the karst conduit, the authors developed a numerical model of NO3⁻ isotope dynamics. During low-flow, data show an increase in NO3⁻ (from 1.78 to 1.87 mg N L-1; p < 10-4) coincident with a decrease in δ15NNO3 (from 7.7 to 6.8‰; p < 10-3) as material flows from within the conduit to the spring. Modeling results indicate that the nitrification of isotopically-lighter ammonium (δ15NNH4) acts as a mechanism for an increase in NO3⁻ that coincides with a decrease in δ15NNO3. Further, numerical modeling assists with quantifying isotopic overprinting of nitrification on denitrification (i.e., coincident NO3⁻ production during removal) by constraining the rates of the two processes. Modeled denitrification fluxes within the karst conduit (67.0 ± 19.0 mg N m-2 d-1) are an order-of-magnitude greater than laminar ground water pathways (1-10 mg N m-2 d-1) and an order-of-magnitude less than surface water systems (100-1000 mg N m-2 d-1). In this way, karst conduits are a unique interface of the processes and gradients that control both surface and ground water end-points. This study shows the efficacy of ambient N stable isotope data to reflect N transformations in subsurface karst and highlights the usefulness of stable isotopes to assist with water quality numerical modeling in karst. Lastly, we provide a rare, if not unique, estimate of N fate in subsurface conduits and provide a counterpoint to the paradigm that karst conduits are conservative source-to-sink conveyors.

Effect of Metal Substrate on Electrocatalytic Property of Palladium Nanowire Array for High Performance Ethanol Electro-Oxidation.

In this research, a high performance, ionomer-free electrocatalyst based on vertically aligned palladium (Pd) nanowire array was developed as an anode electrode toward ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) in an alkaline environment. Using a one-step electrodeposition method, the Pd nanowires with controlled length were obtained by varying the electrodeposition current density and the synthesis time. Scanning electron microcopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) were employed to characterize the morphology, chemical composition, and crystal structure of the Pd nanowires. The length effects of the nanowires, in the range of 0.8-4.5 µm, and various metal substrates, such as Ag, Cu, Ni, and Ti, were investigated for their electrochemical activities. The results demonstrated that Ag was the most active substrate to facilitate the ethanol oxidation reaction of the Pd nanowire array (NWA) electrocatalyst, which could be related to its good electrical conductivity. The stability test of the Pd NWA/Ag over time for EOR was also carried out, and the catalytic activity was recovered after the electrode was replaced with a new ethanol solution. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were performed to provide insights in the electron transfer resistance between the electrode and analyte. Gas chromatography and UV-vis spectroscopy were employed to measure the concentration of chemical species, which helped elucidate the overall reaction mechanism on the electrode surfaces.

A novel modified-indirect ELISA based on spherical body protein 4 for detecting antibody during acute and long-term infections with diverse Babesia bovis strains.

BACKGROUND: Cattle persistently infected with Babesia bovis are reservoirs for intra- and inter-herd transmission. Since B. bovis is considered a persistent infection, developing a reliable, high-throughput assay that detects antibody during all stages of the infection could be pivotal for establishing better control protocols. METHODS: A modified indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (MI-ELISA) was developed using the spherical body protein-4 (SBP4) of B. bovis to detect antibody against diverse strains through all infection stages in cattle. This SBP4 MI-ELISA was evaluated for sensitivity and specificity against field sera from regions with endemic and non-endemic B. bovis. Sera were also evaluated from cattle infected experimentally with various doses and strains during acute and persistent infection with parasitemia defined by nested PCR. RESULTS: The format variables for SBP4 MI-ELISA were optimized and the cutoff for positive and negative interpretation was determined based on receiver operating characteristic curve analysis using B. bovis positive and negative sera tested in the reference immunofluorescence assay (IFA). The diagnostic specificity of the SBP4 MI-ELISA using IFA-negative sera collected from Texas was 100%, significantly higher than the cELISA (90.4%) based on an epitope in the rhoptry-associated protein-1 (RAP-1 cELISA). The diagnostic sensitivity of the SBP4 MI-ELISA was 98.7% using the IFA-positive sera collected from several areas of Mexico, in contrast to that of the RAP-1 cELISA at 60% using these same sera. In cattle infected with low and high doses of three B. bovis strains, the SBP4 MI-ELISA remained antibody positive for 11 months or more after initial detection at 10 to 13 days post-inoculation. However, the RAP-1 cELISA did not reliably detect antibody after eight months post-inoculation despite the fact that parasitemia was occasionally detectable by PCR. Furthermore, initial antibody detection by RAP-1 cELISA in low-dose infected animals was delayed approximately nine and a half days compared to the SBP4 MI-ELISA. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate excellent diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the novel SBP4 MI-ELISA for cattle with acute and long-term carrier infections. It is posited that use of this assay in countries that have B. bovis-endemic herds may be pivotal in preventing the spread of this disease to non-endemic herds.

Validation of an improved competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect Equine arteritis virus antibody.

The objective of the present study was to validate a previously described competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) to detect antibody to Equine arteritis virus (EAV) based on GP5-specific nonneutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb) 17B7(9) using the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)-recommended protocol, which includes the following 5 in-house analyses. 1) The assay was calibrated with the OIE-designated reference serum panel for EAV; 2) repeatability was evaluated within and between assay runs; 3) analytical specificity was evaluated using sera specific to related viruses; 4) analytical sensitivity was evaluated with sera from horses vaccinated with an EAV modified live virus (MLV) vaccine; and 5) the duration of cELISA antibody detection following EAV vaccination was determined. The positive cELISA cutoff of ≥35% inhibition (%I) was confirmed by receiver operating characteristic plot analysis. Analytical sensitivity of the cELISA was comparable to the serum neutralization (SN) assay in that it detected EAV-specific antibody as early as 8 days postvaccination. The duration of EAV-specific antibody detected by cELISA was over 5 years after the last vaccination. This cELISA could detect EAV-specific antibody in serum samples collected from horses infected with various EAV strains. In the field trial performed by American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians-accredited state laboratories and OIE laboratory, the diagnostic specificity of the cELISA was 99.5% and the diagnostic sensitivity was 98.2%. The data using various serum panels also had consistently significant positive correlation between SN titers and cELISA %I results. The results further confirm that the EAV antibody cELISA is a reliable, simple alternative to the SN assay for detecting EAV-specific antibodies in equine sera.

Comparison of an improved competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with the World Organization for Animal Health-prescribed serum neutralization assay for detection of antibody to Equine arteritis virus.

Equine arteritis virus (EAV) causes contagious equine viral arteritis, characterized by fever, anorexia, conjunctivitis, nasal discharge, dependent edema, abortion, infrequent death in foals, and establishment of the carrier state in stallions. The World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) defines a horse as seropositive if the serum neutralization (SN) antibody titer is ≥1:4 to EAV. However, determining the SN titer is time-consuming and requires specific laboratory facilities, equipment, and technical expertise to perform. Furthermore, interpretation of the SN titer of some sera can be difficult because of nonspecific cellular cytotoxicity of particular samples. Finally, the problem of interlaboratory variation also exists with SN assays. For these reasons, an alternative serologic test is desirable; however, none of the reported tests have equivalent sensitivity and specificity to the SN to be generally adopted. In an attempt to improve on a previously developed competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) using EAV gp5-specific neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb) 4B2, the current study developed a modified protocol substituting the non-neutralizing mAb 17B7 for the neutralizing mAb 4B2; this along with several modifications of the test procedure improved the performance of the test. The relative specificity of the revamped cELISA was 99.8% when evaluated with 2,223 SN-negative sera. The relative sensitivity was 95.5% when evaluated with 246 SN-positive sera. This new cELISA was not affected by the presence of non-EAV-specific cytotoxicity in sera as observed in the SN assay. The results indicate that this new cELISA may be a viable alternative to the SN assay and merit additional validation.